![]() ![]() Patients over the age of 30, those with a medium level of education, and those with a low level of education showed substantially greater levels of functional limitation and psychological distress (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.001). In addition, MGCFA corroborated the measurement invariance of the BPIm-S across gender, age, and educational status. EFA was performed and a two-factor structure was investigated. CFA also validated the structural validity of the 13-item scale. Excellent reliability (Item-to-total correlations ranged from 0.763 to 0.912) and strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.970, functional limitation, 0.962, and psychosocial distress, 0.977) were discovered. The remaining 13 items of the BPIm-S comprised an overall summary scale. A total of four items were removed following the pilot research. Results: For the preliminary version, 17 items were chosen. IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software and SPSSAU, a web-based data science algorithm platform tool, were used for all additional studies. To conduct the CFA and measurement invariance analysis, Mplus 8.4 was used. A total of 12 patients with OFP completed the BPIm-S twice to test clinical responsiveness. Participants completed the BPIm-S, visual analog scale (VAS), brief pain inventory facial (BPI-F), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the concurrent validity and item-total correlations. Mann–Whitney test compared scores across different genders, age and educational status. Multigroup CFA (MGCFA) was used to assess measurement invariance across genders, age and educational status. CR, internal consistency, and split-half reliability were also performed to determine the reliability. Composite Reliability (CR) and the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) were used to assess internal convergent validity. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed on data gathered from 406 OFP patients to assess construct validity. Methods: The BPIm-S was developed and evaluated in four stages: (1) concept selection and item generation (2) a pilot study assessing face and content validity (3) the factors structure, reliability, convergent validity, and measurement invariance and (4) concurrent validity and clinical responsiveness. 2The Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, Chinaīackground: The objective of this study was to develop the Chinese version of the biopsychosocial impact scale (BPIm-S) to assess functional limitation and psychosocial distress in orofacial pain (OFP) patients in mainland China, and investigate the factor structure, reliability and validity, measurement invariance, as well as scores differences across genders, age and educational status among OFP patients.1Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. ![]() ![]() Ze-Yue Ou-Yang 1†, Yao Feng 1†, Dong-Dong Xie 2, Yi-Fan Yang 1, Yun Chen 1, Ning-Xin Chen 1, Xiao-Lin Su 1, Bi-Fen Kuang 1, Jie Zhao 1, Ya-Qiong Zhao 1, Yun-Zhi Feng 1* and Yue Guo 1* ![]()
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